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Week number three.

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So last week we discussed about
the cost of university in the United

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States.

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Now we are going to see why the
cost is so expensive.

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Was it always the case?

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We have to go back to history and
see the evolution of higher education

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in the United States.

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First, we have to go back to the 17th,
18th and 19th century.

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Higher education in the past was
more dedicated to religious education,

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which means that people going there
attended courses in order to be

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better informed regarding their
religion.

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Around 1919, things start changing
a bit.

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Now you have more white,
wealthy men going to university,

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not to have any sort of religious
education, but just to learn about

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other subjects.

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Many other subjects are going to
be integrated in higher education.

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But our first landmark is,
of course, 1944.

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1944, because this is when you
have the GI Bill.

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We are just after the Second World War.

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The Second World War is coming
to an end.

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And the veterans, those who took
part in the war, have to be

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reintegrated within the American
society.

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So what the government is going
to decide, the government is going to decide on the GI Bill,

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which means that they won't have
to pay anything to go to university.

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University for them is going to be free.

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The second landmark in higher
education, to understand why the

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cost of tuition fees is so expensive
in the United States,

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is 1958.

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In 1958, we are during the Cold
War period.

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Tensions, or big tensions between the
two blocs, the American bloc,

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the West, led by the United States,
and the Soviet bloc,

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led by Russia.

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The two blocs are competing.

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So it's very important for the
Americans to have their population

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highly educated just to prepare
the next generation in terms of

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technology, innovation,
creation, and the future engineers.

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So for that, the government is
going to decide on the National

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Defense Education Act.

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So this is a starting point.

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They are going to encourage young
people to have access to university,

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but also this is the starting point
of loans, which means that people

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are going to contract loans in
order to go to university.

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1965 is another landmark.

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In 1965, we are during the period
of the Civil Rights Movement.

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I remind you that in the American
history, there are three major

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landmarks.

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The first one is 1775 with the
creation of the nation,

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which means the War of Independence.

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The War of Independence is going
to give independence to the 13

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first colonies in the United States,
and a new constitution will emerge.

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This is the first landmark.

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The second landmark is of course
the Civil War or the Secession

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War between the North and the South,
and this is going to lead to the

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end of slavery with the adoption
of many amendments, particularly

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the 13th amendment and the 14th
amendment.

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So this is the end of slavery.

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The last landmark is the one we
are concerned with right now.

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It's 1955, so it's funny to say
that every 90 years,

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it seems that something happens
in the United States.

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So now we are in 1955,
and this is the starting point

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of the Civil Rights Movement.

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Two major decisions are going to

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be taken.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and

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the Voting Act of 1965,
giving the right to vote to all

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African Americans in the United States.

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During that period, the person
who is the President of the United

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States is Kennedy.

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He will be replaced by Johnson
after being assassinated.

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So the objective of Kennedy and

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Johnson is of course to bridge
the gap between the rich and the poor.

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This is where also we have the
affirmative act.

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So trying to help those who are in need,
and because of that they are going

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to put into place the Higher Education
Act.

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So this is when they are going
to start giving grants to students,

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facilitate the entrance to university
for ethnic minorities and for those

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who belong to the lower social classes.

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It is in 1981 that things start

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being more complicated in terms
of higher education.

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It is with the arrival to power
of Ronald Reagan.

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Ronald Reagan is a Republican.


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He is elected and he will serve
two mandates.

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He is a very right-wing Republican.

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He is going to decide to stop all
the subsidies that the different

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universities could benefit from.

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So which means that the price,
the cost of university is going

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to be higher, is going to go up
and this is going to be more

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problematic for the students.

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So what we see here is that
progressively we have different things,

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different decisions taken that
impacted and that brought us to

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the situation we are in today.

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But the most important thing in
all that is what happened in the

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years 2000 with Bush in power.

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When Bush came to power he put
into place a new system which is

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non-profit colleges.

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Non-profit, sorry, not for-profit,
not non-profit, for-profit colleges.

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For-profit colleges as the name
says it are colleges just set up

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for business.

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And this is going to bring the
collapse, especially with the 2008

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subprime crisis.

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Many people are going to be in
debt and so on.

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We are going to continue next week
on the same subject.

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Thank you..