1
00:00:05,360 --> 00:00:08,480
Dear students, hello.

2
00:00:09,500 --> 00:00:12,260
I am going to start with a short
presentation of myself.

3
00:00:13,180 --> 00:00:14,960
My name is Moustafa Traore.

4
00:00:15,940 --> 00:00:20,360
I have been teaching here at Assas
University for many years now,

5
00:00:21,200 --> 00:00:25,600
and I will be working with you
for the whole academic year.

6
00:00:26,320 --> 00:00:28,960
Teaching online is a brand new
experience.

7
00:00:30,040 --> 00:00:35,000
It could be very beneficial if
we stick to the work you are asked

8
00:00:35,200 --> 00:00:39,960
to do and if we work on a very
consistent basis.

9
00:00:43,600 --> 00:00:47,280
Your subject today is the media.

10
00:00:48,720 --> 00:00:52,400
I would like us to start with a
very short introduction of what

11
00:00:52,600 --> 00:00:59,250
the media is,  and then I am going

12
00:00:59,450 --> 00:01:05,070
to tell you the different topics
we are going to see in this academic

13
00:01:05,270 --> 00:01:08,530
year and more precisely for this
semester.

14
00:01:10,550 --> 00:01:14,010
We will be working for 10 weeks.

15
00:01:15,010 --> 00:01:20,810
Every Monday at 11am we will be
16
00:01:21,010 --> 00:01:23,730
posting a new lesson on the platform.

17
00:01:25,570 --> 00:01:32,890
The lessons will be composed of videos,
texts, exercises, and you will

18
00:01:33,090 --> 00:01:39,510
have the possibility to communicate
with me through the chat box or

19
00:01:39,710 --> 00:01:40,470
the forum.

20
00:01:42,390 --> 00:01:44,210
I will be giving you some homework.

21
00:01:46,030 --> 00:01:55,410
You will have 13 days to do the
homework and make sure that you

22
00:01:55,610 --> 00:02:01,070
send me your homework on Sunday
before midnight.

23
00:02:02,090 --> 00:02:03,530
Midnight is the deadline.

24
00:02:06,540 --> 00:02:11,200
I will be giving the corrections
and sending you back the corrections

25
00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:14,780
so that you can have a look and
check your answers.

26
00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:26,300
I was saying a few minutes ago that our first theme or introduction

27
00:02:26,500 --> 00:02:27,260
is the media.

28
00:02:27,460 --> 00:02:34,800
I would like us to have a reflection
on what the media is.

29
00:02:37,440 --> 00:02:46,620
What we can notice is that there
is a correlation between technological

30
00:02:46,820 --> 00:02:48,640
innovation and the media.

31
00:02:51,780 --> 00:03:01,020
If we think about what the media is, we could say
that it is about the 
32
00:03:01,220 --> 00:03:02,860
spreading of information.

33
00:03:03,120 --> 00:03:04,540
It is about communication.

34
00:03:06,860 --> 00:03:13,040
In other words, it also means that

35
00:03:13,240 --> 00:03:18,590
the media always existed because

36
00:03:18,790 --> 00:03:20,950
men always communicated.

37
00:03:22,630 --> 00:03:28,790
In the past, maybe it was just
oral conversation people had and

38
00:03:28,990 --> 00:03:30,710
then written conversation.

39
00:03:32,490 --> 00:03:38,870
What makes the media very special
is that it is linked,

40
00:03:39,410 --> 00:03:43,450
it is connected to technological
innovation.

41
00:03:46,970 --> 00:03:51,710
The first landmark, if you look
at the history of the media,

42
00:03:53,030 --> 00:04:02,770
could be the creation,
the invention of the printing press.

43
00:04:04,930 --> 00:04:07,550
We are in 1450.

44
00:04:08,270 --> 00:04:15,990
Johannes Gutenberg, a German,
is going to create the first printing

45
00:04:16,190 --> 00:04:22,510
machine as we know printing machines,
the printing press today.

46
00:04:23,850 --> 00:04:31,310
This is a landmark because it is
going to be a revolution in the

47
00:04:31,510 --> 00:04:35,370
industry of the media.

48
00:04:39,310 --> 00:04:52,120
Another landmark could be the telegraph
with Samuel Morse in the middle

49
00:04:52,320 --> 00:04:58,500
of the 19th century,
around 1830.

50
00:05:02,380 --> 00:05:10,140
Another landmark is the creation
of the telephone with Alexander

51
00:05:10,340 --> 00:05:16,190
Bell and we are in 1876.

52
00:05:20,010 --> 00:05:27,430
All these innovations or technological
innovations led to the creation

53
00:05:27,630 --> 00:05:42,490
or invention of the radio with
Rudolf Hertz in the late 1880s.

54
00:05:42,690 --> 00:05:51,500
Of course, we have in 1884 the

55
00:05:51,700 --> 00:05:53,860
invention of television.

56
00:05:57,280 --> 00:06:04,740
More recently, the last innovation
is of course the invention of a

57
00:06:04,940 --> 00:06:10,200
Vinton Cerf and Bob kahn with the

58
00:06:10,400 --> 00:06:11,280
creation of the internet.

59
00:06:12,460 --> 00:06:17,420
Each time you have the technological

60
00:06:17,620 --> 00:06:23,620
innovation, it will have an impact
on the way we communicate,

61
00:06:23,880 --> 00:06:30,140
it will have an impact on the media,
on how we spread information.

62
00:06:33,890 --> 00:06:40,720
Another thing to think about is
that whenever there is a new

63
00:06:41,280 --> 00:06:46,620
technological innovation that is

64
00:06:46,820 --> 00:06:54,020
adopted by the industry of the media,
it seems that the former forms

65
00:06:54,220 --> 00:06:59,400
of communicating are kind of

66
00:06:59,600 --> 00:07:00,360
threatened.

67
00:07:06,050 --> 00:07:13,180
In other words, with the radio,

68
00:07:13,880 --> 00:07:18,100
we have immediate information of
communication.

69
00:07:20,380 --> 00:07:31,780
Another thing I would like us to
think of is 1987 with the repeal

70
00:07:31,980 --> 00:07:33,980
of the fairness doctrine.

71
00:07:34,940 --> 00:07:42,540
This is going to completely change
the way we spread information,

72
00:07:42,960 --> 00:07:44,220
the way we communicate.

73
00:07:44,740 --> 00:07:51,320
In the sense that with the 1987
repeal of the fairness doctrine,

74
00:07:54,780 --> 00:08:03,840
when communicating, we no longer
have to defend both sides.

75
00:08:04,040 --> 00:08:11,080
This is when you have the appearance
of some forms of communication

76
00:08:11,280 --> 00:08:14,320
that are very partial.

77
00:08:15,800 --> 00:08:23,660
This has an impact or consequences
when we look at the political system

78
00:08:23,860 --> 00:08:25,480
and so on.

79
00:08:25,680 --> 00:08:35,070
This is why we often speak of the
media as the fourth state.

80
00:08:35,990 --> 00:08:42,050
With the internet now,
many are talking about the fifth

81
00:08:42,250 --> 00:08:43,010
states.

82
00:08:44,610 --> 00:08:47,310
The media is very powerful.

83
00:08:47,510 --> 00:08:48,490
This is what it means.

84
00:08:48,970 --> 00:08:57,210
It is a very powerful instrument
that is part of our society that

85
00:08:57,410 --> 00:09:02,830
has an impact also at the political
level and many other levels.

86
00:09:06,780 --> 00:09:14,600
For this academic year,
I've decided to look at four different

87
00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:19,960
topics that are the most discussed

88
00:09:20,160 --> 00:09:20,920
in the media.

89
00:09:22,100 --> 00:09:24,620
The first one is education.

90
00:09:26,200 --> 00:09:29,160
Education is going to take us two
sessions.

91
00:09:29,780 --> 00:09:35,340
We are going to spend two weeks
working on articles,

92
00:09:35,640 --> 00:09:38,920
different documents related to
education.

93
00:09:41,280 --> 00:09:46,980
The second topic is GDP,
gross domestic product.

94
00:09:47,980 --> 00:09:53,420
This one is going to take us two
sessions, employment.

95
00:09:54,540 --> 00:09:56,940
also, is going to take us two
sessions.

96
00:09:57,760 --> 00:09:59,380
The last one is inflation.

97
00:10:01,620 --> 00:10:08,800
These are the most dealt with topics

98
00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:11,240
when we think of the media.

99
00:10:12,360 --> 00:10:23,580
Take any newspaper, listen or watch
any news on TV or go on the internet.

100
00:10:24,660 --> 00:10:30,940
What you hear a lot is about education,

101
00:10:31,400 --> 00:10:33,220
GDP, employment, inflation.

102
00:10:34,300 --> 00:10:39,100
To have a good understanding of
the society we live in,

103
00:10:39,300 --> 00:10:45,500
what is going on in our society,
these are the topics you have to

104
00:10:45,700 --> 00:10:48,940
analyse, you have to read about.

105
00:10:51,620 --> 00:10:53,020
One thing about the midterm.

106
00:10:54,020 --> 00:10:57,400
The midterm is going to take place
in week number six.

107
00:11:02,630 --> 00:11:09,310
Later, maybe in two or three weeks'
time, I will give you more information

108
00:11:09,510 --> 00:11:15,090
on what I expect from you regarding
the midterm exam.

109
00:11:16,830 --> 00:11:21,870
For your assessment or your evaluation
for the semester, it means that

110
00:11:22,070 --> 00:11:32,710
you will have one mark that represents
your midterm exam that is going

111
00:11:32,910 --> 00:11:36,450
to take place in week number six,
as I said before.

112
00:11:37,850 --> 00:11:43,990
You will also have a mark that
is going to reflect all the work,

113
00:11:44,490 --> 00:11:47,830
all the homework I asked you to do.

114
00:11:53,160 --> 00:12:00,740
Now, education, which is the first

115
00:12:00,940 --> 00:12:01,700
topic.

116
00:12:04,710 --> 00:12:13,530
I would like us to think about
the differences that exist between

117
00:12:13,730 --> 00:12:19,370
the French system of education,
the American system of education,

118
00:12:20,710 --> 00:12:23,430
and the system of education of the UK.

119
00:12:25,330 --> 00:12:32,330
The first difference we see is
in the names of the different schools.

120
00:12:35,670 --> 00:12:44,730
In the English from Britain, the British English system,

121
00:12:45,390 --> 00:12:51,730
we speak of kindergarten,
primary school, high school,

122
00:12:52,090 --> 00:12:53,690
college and university.

123
00:12:55,550 --> 00:13:02,130
This is maybe the first difference
we can see in the system of education

124
00:13:02,330 --> 00:13:05,590
compared to that of the United States.

125
00:13:06,990 --> 00:13:14,710
If you look at the United States,
they have kindergartens,

126
00:13:15,910 --> 00:13:22,310
but they also have nursery schools,
and they have different types of

127
00:13:22,510 --> 00:13:24,750
schools depending on the state
you live on.

128
00:13:28,110 --> 00:13:33,190
There is a nation composed of different
states.

129
00:13:33,430 --> 00:13:36,230
This is why we speak of the United
States.

130
00:13:36,750 --> 00:13:42,530
It means different states acting,
working as one nation,

131
00:13:43,710 --> 00:13:49,270
and this is going to explain why
in the same nation you have different

132
00:13:49,470 --> 00:13:50,230
systems.

133
00:13:50,930 --> 00:13:56,050
This is the main difference between
the American system of education

134
00:13:56,250 --> 00:13:58,590
and the British one.

135
00:13:59,570 --> 00:14:05,690
If we look at the French one,
what I mentioned before regarding

136
00:14:05,890 --> 00:14:11,910
the British one, I said that you
had first kindergarden,

137
00:14:12,890 --> 00:14:16,590
and then you had primary school,
and then you had high school.

138
00:14:16,890 --> 00:14:23,630
What we call in British English
high school is what the French

139
00:14:23,830 --> 00:14:26,350
call college.

140
00:14:29,310 --> 00:14:35,790
What we call college in British
English is what Americans tend

141
00:14:35,990 --> 00:14:38,670
to call university.

142
00:14:40,170 --> 00:14:48,510
College in British English is not
the same as college in the American

143
00:14:48,710 --> 00:14:49,470
system.

144
00:14:49,670 --> 00:14:50,430
This is what I meant.

145
00:14:51,930 --> 00:14:57,170
College in the American system
means in the English system university.

146
00:14:59,130 --> 00:15:05,310
This is the first difference I
can tell you about the three

147
00:15:05,510 --> 00:15:06,270
countries.